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In this review, anatomical structures and physiologic properties of vestibulo-ocular reflexes are summarized. Vestibulo-ocular reflexes initiate by sensing the physical stimulus (head motion) and transforming it as electrical signaling at the peripheral vestibular apparatus. The peripheral vestibular nerve could be divided into regular and irregular afferents or low-, intermediate-, and high-adaptive afferents. In the central nervous system, vestibulo-ocular reflex pathways can be divided into direct pathway and indirect pathway. This classification would be useful to understanding the purpose of VOR.
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